![]() Reverse: Face value and French motto: " Liberté, égalité, fraternité". Obverse: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty. Scientists pointed to the cultural and historical relationship of the Phrygian cap with the kurkhars – the national female headdress of the Ingush people. A number of national personifications, in particular France's Marianne, are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap. It thus came to be identified as a symbol of republican government. It is used in the coat of arms of certain republics or of republican state institutions in the place where otherwise a crown would be used (in the heraldry of monarchies). In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was widely used in English prints, and from 1789 also in French prints by the early 1790s, it was regularly used in the Phrygian form. The most extensive use of headgear as a symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the revival of the Roman iconography was made in the Netherlands, where the cap of liberty was adopted in the form of a contemporary hat. In the 16th century, the Roman iconography of liberty was revived in emblem books and numismatic handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually depicted with a pileus. The original cap of liberty was the Roman pileus, the felt cap of emancipated slaves of ancient Rome, which was an attribute of Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty. ![]() The oldest depiction of the Phrygian cap is from Persepolis in Iran.Īlthough Phrygian caps did not originally function as liberty caps, they came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty first in the American Revolution and then in the French Revolution, particularly as a symbol of jacobinism it has been also called a jacobin cap. ![]() The Phrygian cap ( / ˈ f r ɪ dʒ( iː) ən/) or liberty cap is a soft conical cap with the apex bent over, associated in antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe and Anatolia, including the Persians, the Medes and the Scythians, as well as in the Balkans, Dacia, Thrace and in Phrygia, where the name originated. Dacian prisoner with Phrygian cap (Roman statue from the 2nd century) ![]()
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